http://icj.sagepub.com International Criminal Justice Review RSS feed -- recent issues International Criminal Justice Review 1057-5677 http://icj.sagepub.com:80/icons/banner/title.gif http://icj.sagepub.com http://icj.sagepub.com/cgi/content/abstract/19/4/381?rss=1 The attitudes of 66 ethnic minorities and 152 Cypriots toward the police were examined according to age, experience of criminal victimization, and race. Questions were based on the British Crime Survey (BCS) and the National Crime Victimization Survey (NCVS) and were translated into Greek. Results showed low levels of experience of possession crime and crime against the person in Cypriots and ethnic minorities, with no difference in these experiences between the two groups. Attitudes to the police were predicted by age and ethnicity with younger participants and Cypriots holding more negative attitudes than older participants and ethnic minorities. Victimization experience did not predict attitudes. Some victims of crime, who had not reported the crime to the police, stated that their reasons for not doing so were because of their lack of trust in the police’s ability to do something about the incident. Discussion centers on reasons why differences in attitudes toward the police might exist and the implications of the findings for the Cypriot police force in terms of public relations.

]]> Wed, 18 Nov 2009 03:56:40 PST info:doi/10.1177/1057567709349158 Georgia State University, College of Health and Human Sciences 4 19 399 2009-12-01 381 Articles http://icj.sagepub.com/cgi/content/abstract/19/4/400?rss=1 This study examines the scope, results, citizen attitudes, and practices of consensual justice reform in Russia. The Russian Federation adopted a new Criminal Procedure Code (CPC) in December of 2001, which included a procedure closely resembling plea bargaining and termed ‘‘special court order proceedings.’’ The 2001 CPC reforms were intended to move further away from the accusatorial legacy of the Soviet judicial system and closer to a western adversarial model. Criminal cases (N = 316) over a 4-year period (2004—2007) from one district and one regional courts were examined to determine the application and judicial practices associated with plea bargaining. A national representative citizen survey (N = 1,588) was conducted to measure attitudes related to plea bargaining knowledge and acceptance. The study found that 6 years after the introduction of the special court order proceeding, over one third of cases were settled through the special court order proceedings. The use of the special court order proceeding has grown steadily during the period from 2004 to 2008. The majority of citizens reported the special court order proceeding was unfair and less than 20% perceived the reform as fair. Few citizens were knowledgeable about the plea bargaining reform. The introduction of the special court order proceeding has been moderately successful in the judicial system; however, there are systemic hindrances to increased use and citizen acceptance.

]]> Wed, 18 Nov 2009 03:56:41 PST info:doi/10.1177/1057567709348356 Georgia State University, College of Health and Human Sciences 4 19 432 2009-12-01 400 Articles http://icj.sagepub.com/cgi/content/abstract/19/4/433?rss=1 The empirical literature on the theory and practice of sentencing politically motivated offenders such as terrorists in U.S. federal courts is limited. Thus, we know relatively little about the dealings between terrorist offenders and the criminal justice system or how these interactions may be influenced by changes in American legal or political context. This study summarizes previous findings relative to sentencing disparity among terrorists and nonterrorists in U.S. federal courts prior to the imposition of the U.S. Sentencing Guidelines. We then identify events occurring after the advent of the guidelines, including the early acts of terrorism on American soil. We evaluate the sentencing of terrorists versus nonterrorists following the confluence imposition of the guidelines and these events. We determine whether and how the sentencing disparity between terrorist and nonterrorist has changed since the implementation of the U.S. Sentencing Guidelines and the terrorist events of the early 1990s. Based on our findings, we put forth suggestions as to the possible ways these conditions may have affected sentencing outcomes.

]]> Wed, 18 Nov 2009 03:56:41 PST info:doi/10.1177/1057567709348357 Georgia State University, College of Health and Human Sciences 4 19 455 2009-12-01 433 Articles http://icj.sagepub.com/cgi/content/abstract/19/4/456?rss=1 Examinations of specialized police training to handle youth-related incidents are typically approached with researcher-defined concepts rather than key concepts derived from the perceptions of police officers. In response to disagreements in the literature on the usefulness and applicability of training for specific law enforcement functions, this research builds on previous literature by investigating the content and perceived adequacy of specialized training received based on their duty assignment. A grounded theory analysis of 59 interviews conducted in 2002, with 67 Canadian police officers who received training from one of the two training facilities (Justice Institute of British Columbia and the Royal Canadian Mounted Police [RCMP] Depot) finds similarities and differences in the perceptions of training content and adequacy for training, supervisory, and frontline personnel. The differences are most pronounced between the trainers and practitioners than they are between supervisors and frontline officers. Definitions of training adequacy are considerably conditioned by the informal socialization process in the police culture. The data suggest that the academy focus on training generalists has the effect of increasing the impact and importance of informal socialization by field training officers on officer perceptions and procedures for handling youth-related incidents.

]]> Wed, 18 Nov 2009 03:56:41 PST info:doi/10.1177/1057567709340403 Georgia State University, College of Health and Human Sciences 4 19 477 2009-12-01 456 Articles http://icj.sagepub.com/cgi/reprint/19/4/478?rss=1 Wed, 18 Nov 2009 03:56:41 PST info:doi/10.1177/0734016809333213 Georgia State University, College of Health and Human Sciences 4 19 479 2009-12-01 478 Articles http://icj.sagepub.com/cgi/reprint/19/4/479?rss=1 Wed, 18 Nov 2009 03:56:41 PST info:doi/10.1177/1057567709349193 Georgia State University, College of Health and Human Sciences 4 19 480 2009-12-01 479 Articles http://icj.sagepub.com/cgi/reprint/19/4/481?rss=1 Wed, 18 Nov 2009 03:56:41 PST info:doi/10.1177/0734016808325708 Georgia State University, College of Health and Human Sciences 4 19 482 2009-12-01 481 Articles http://icj.sagepub.com/cgi/reprint/19/4/483?rss=1 Wed, 18 Nov 2009 03:56:41 PST info:doi/10.1177/0734016809332876 Georgia State University, College of Health and Human Sciences 4 19 484 2009-12-01 483 Articles http://icj.sagepub.com/cgi/reprint/19/4/485?rss=1 Wed, 18 Nov 2009 03:56:41 PST info:doi/10.1177/1057567709349187 Georgia State University, College of Health and Human Sciences 4 19 486 2009-12-01 485 Articles http://icj.sagepub.com/cgi/reprint/19/4/486?rss=1 Wed, 18 Nov 2009 03:56:41 PST info:doi/10.1177/0734016809331676 Georgia State University, College of Health and Human Sciences 4 19 488 2009-12-01 486 Articles http://icj.sagepub.com/cgi/reprint/19/4/488?rss=1 Wed, 18 Nov 2009 03:56:41 PST info:doi/10.1177/0734016809332531 Georgia State University, College of Health and Human Sciences 4 19 490 2009-12-01 488 Articles http://icj.sagepub.com/cgi/reprint/19/4/490?rss=1 Wed, 18 Nov 2009 03:56:41 PST info:doi/10.1177/0734016809349184 Georgia State University, College of Health and Human Sciences 4 19 491 2009-12-01 490 Articles http://icj.sagepub.com/cgi/reprint/19/4/491?rss=1 Wed, 18 Nov 2009 03:56:41 PST info:doi/10.1177/1057567709349191 Georgia State University, College of Health and Human Sciences 4 19 493 2009-12-01 491 Articles http://icj.sagepub.com/cgi/reprint/19/4/493?rss=1 Wed, 18 Nov 2009 03:56:41 PST info:doi/10.1177/1057567709349202 Georgia State University, College of Health and Human Sciences 4 19 495 2009-12-01 493 Articles http://icj.sagepub.com/cgi/reprint/19/4/495?rss=1 Wed, 18 Nov 2009 03:56:41 PST info:doi/10.1177/1057567709349189 Georgia State University, College of Health and Human Sciences 4 19 496 2009-12-01 495 Articles http://icj.sagepub.com/cgi/reprint/19/4/497?rss=1 Wed, 18 Nov 2009 03:56:41 PST info:doi/10.1177/0734016809331773 Georgia State University, College of Health and Human Sciences 4 19 498 2009-12-01 497 Articles http://icj.sagepub.com/cgi/reprint/19/4/498?rss=1 Wed, 18 Nov 2009 03:56:41 PST info:doi/10.1177/1057567709349206 Georgia State University, College of Health and Human Sciences 4 19 499 2009-12-01 498 Articles http://icj.sagepub.com/cgi/reprint/19/4/500?rss=1 Wed, 18 Nov 2009 03:56:41 PST info:doi/10.1177/0734016808326099 Georgia State University, College of Health and Human Sciences 4 19 501 2009-12-01 500 Articles http://icj.sagepub.com/cgi/reprint/19/4/502?rss=1 Wed, 18 Nov 2009 03:56:41 PST info:doi/10.1177/0734016809332178 Georgia State University, College of Health and Human Sciences 4 19 503 2009-12-01 502 Articles http://icj.sagepub.com/cgi/reprint/19/4/503?rss=1 Wed, 18 Nov 2009 03:56:41 PST info:doi/10.1177/0734016809332180 Georgia State University, College of Health and Human Sciences 4 19 505 2009-12-01 503 Articles http://icj.sagepub.com/cgi/reprint/19/4/505?rss=1 Wed, 18 Nov 2009 03:56:41 PST info:doi/10.1177/1057567709349188 Georgia State University, College of Health and Human Sciences 4 19 506 2009-12-01 505 Articles http://icj.sagepub.com/cgi/reprint/19/4/507?rss=1 Wed, 18 Nov 2009 03:56:41 PST info:doi/10.1177/1057567709346256 Georgia State University, College of Health and Human Sciences 4 19 523 2009-12-01 507 Articles http://icj.sagepub.com/cgi/reprint/19/4/524?rss=1 Wed, 18 Nov 2009 03:56:41 PST info:doi/10.1177/1057567709351254 Georgia State University, College of Health and Human Sciences 4 19 524 2009-12-01 524 Articles http://icj.sagepub.com/cgi/content/abstract/19/3/265?rss=1 Using the International Crime Victimization Survey (ICVS), this study investigates the relative contribution of macro-level variables (democracy level, modernization, world system status, and inequality) and individual-level variables (marital status, age, gender, education, income) in predicting the occurrence and intensity of personal crime victimization. The analysis utilizes multilevel regression, which controls for the ‘‘nesting’’ of individuals living in the same nation and controls for unmeasured random effects among the 42 nations under study. The results of the zero-inflated negative binomial (ZINB) regression analysis indicate that individual characteristics are better predictors of both the occurrence and intensity of personal crime victimization than are macro-level variables related to political and economic conditions of nations. Findings of the current study diverge from those of previous international studies that used official crime data.

]]> Tue, 01 Sep 2009 02:10:11 PDT info:doi/10.1177/1057567709334955 Georgia State University, College of Health and Human Sciences 3 19 286 2009-09-01 265 Article http://icj.sagepub.com/cgi/content/abstract/19/3/287?rss=1 A recent study indicated that even though courts around the world have long looked to the decisions of the U.S. Supreme Court (USSC) for guidance, a diminishing number of foreign courts are citing the writings of American justices. By contrast, foreign courts in developed democracies often cite the rulings of the European Court of Human Rights (ECtHR). However, this study did not specifically examine citations by the ECtHR of USSC decisions. The use by the ECtHR of law of other jurisdictions is now relatively commonplace. This article discusses the use of the individual rights decisions of the USSC by the ECtHR. Included is a discussion of the methodology used by the ECtHR and an analysis of decisions citing USSC decisions where the government loses. This examination adds to the literature on the evolving relationship between domestic institutions and legal norms from extra-jurisdictional sources.

]]> Tue, 01 Sep 2009 02:10:11 PDT info:doi/10.1177/1057567709336230 Georgia State University, College of Health and Human Sciences 3 19 307 2009-09-01 287 Article http://icj.sagepub.com/cgi/content/abstract/19/3/308?rss=1 After the First Gulf War in 1991, President George H. W. Bush called for creating an ad hoc criminal tribunal similar to the Nuremberg Trial that prosecuted the Nazi Major War Criminals at the conclusion of World War II, to prosecute Saddam Hussein and other Ba’ath Party leaders for crimes against humanity, genocide, and the crime of aggression. Excluding the United Kingdom, the idea of an international criminal tribunal to prosecute Saddam did not gain strong support in the international community and eventually the United States’ initiative diminished. After years of human rights atrocities and the belief of possession of weapons of mass destruction, the United States, along with the United Kingdom and other supporting states, invaded Iraq in March 2003. As a result, the moral authority of the invading states, particularly the United States, has become jeopardized throughout the international community. This article reviews the historical events of the First Gulf War, the consideration of an international criminal tribunal to prosecute Saddam Hussein by the United States from 1991 to 2002, and how the moral reputation of the United States in the international society may be different today if an international criminal tribunal for Iraq had been created after the First Gulf War.

]]> Tue, 01 Sep 2009 02:10:11 PDT info:doi/10.1177/1057567709336664 Georgia State University, College of Health and Human Sciences 3 19 321 2009-09-01 308 Article http://icj.sagepub.com/cgi/content/abstract/19/3/322?rss=1 Although social scientists have long studied attitudes toward severity of punishment, theoretically driven, validated measures that gauge a female—male gap in punitiveness are rare and those tested in different countries are even more so. Studies conducted in different geographical locations and/or at different times reveal inconsistent findings on whether such a gap in fact exists and, if so, whether women or men are more punitive. As a result, it is not clear whether individual differences in punitiveness are due to the differences between men and women or to the type of measures used. To address this shortcoming, the current study explored the putative female—male gap in punitiveness by using the same multi-item measure of individual punitiveness with two very different samples, one selected in Georgia (country) and the second in the New York metropolitan area (NYC). The results showed that while females and males were not distinctly different in their views on punishment and sentencing laws in either country, women and men were punitive in different ways. This finding partially supports previously reported results. In addition, individuals in the NYC sample seemed to be comparatively more punitive than the individuals in the Georgian sample. Limitations and suggestions for future research are discussed.

]]> Tue, 01 Sep 2009 02:10:11 PDT info:doi/10.1177/1057567709338921 Georgia State University, College of Health and Human Sciences 3 19 343 2009-09-01 322 Article http://icj.sagepub.com/cgi/reprint/19/3/344?rss=1 Tue, 01 Sep 2009 02:10:11 PDT info:doi/10.1177/1057567709335885 Georgia State University, College of Health and Human Sciences 3 19 345 2009-09-01 344 Article http://icj.sagepub.com/cgi/reprint/19/3/345?rss=1 Tue, 01 Sep 2009 02:10:11 PDT info:doi/10.1177/1057567709335446 Georgia State University, College of Health and Human Sciences 3 19 346 2009-09-01 345 Article http://icj.sagepub.com/cgi/reprint/19/3/347?rss=1 Tue, 01 Sep 2009 02:10:11 PDT info:doi/10.1177/1057567709335883 Georgia State University, College of Health and Human Sciences 3 19 348 2009-09-01 347 Article http://icj.sagepub.com/cgi/reprint/19/3/348?rss=1 Tue, 01 Sep 2009 02:10:11 PDT info:doi/10.1177/1057567709335890 Georgia State University, College of Health and Human Sciences 3 19 350 2009-09-01 348 Article http://icj.sagepub.com/cgi/reprint/19/3/350?rss=1 Tue, 01 Sep 2009 02:10:11 PDT info:doi/10.1177/0734016808328801 Georgia State University, College of Health and Human Sciences 3 19 351 2009-09-01 350 Article http://icj.sagepub.com/cgi/reprint/19/3/351?rss=1 Tue, 01 Sep 2009 02:10:11 PDT info:doi/10.1177/1057567709335888 Georgia State University, College of Health and Human Sciences 3 19 353 2009-09-01 351 Article http://icj.sagepub.com/cgi/reprint/19/3/353?rss=1 Tue, 01 Sep 2009 02:10:11 PDT info:doi/10.1177/1057567709336232 Georgia State University, College of Health and Human Sciences 3 19 354 2009-09-01 353 Article http://icj.sagepub.com/cgi/reprint/19/3/355?rss=1 Tue, 01 Sep 2009 02:10:11 PDT info:doi/10.1177/0734016808328817 Georgia State University, College of Health and Human Sciences 3 19 356 2009-09-01 355 Article http://icj.sagepub.com/cgi/reprint/19/3/356?rss=1 Tue, 01 Sep 2009 02:10:11 PDT info:doi/10.1177/0734016808328769 Georgia State University, College of Health and Human Sciences 3 19 357 2009-09-01 356 Article http://icj.sagepub.com/cgi/reprint/19/3/357?rss=1 Tue, 01 Sep 2009 02:10:11 PDT info:doi/10.1177/1057567709335444 Georgia State University, College of Health and Human Sciences 3 19 359 2009-09-01 357 Article http://icj.sagepub.com/cgi/reprint/19/3/360?rss=1 Tue, 01 Sep 2009 02:10:11 PDT info:doi/10.1177/1057567709335445 Georgia State University, College of Health and Human Sciences 3 19 361 2009-09-01 360 Article http://icj.sagepub.com/cgi/reprint/19/3/361?rss=1 Tue, 01 Sep 2009 02:10:11 PDT info:doi/10.1177/0734016809331657 Georgia State University, College of Health and Human Sciences 3 19 362 2009-09-01 361 Article http://icj.sagepub.com/cgi/reprint/19/3/363?rss=1 Tue, 01 Sep 2009 02:10:11 PDT info:doi/10.1177/0734016808328808 Georgia State University, College of Health and Human Sciences 3 19 364 2009-09-01 363 Article http://icj.sagepub.com/cgi/reprint/19/3/364?rss=1 Tue, 01 Sep 2009 02:10:11 PDT info:doi/10.1177/1057567709335884 Georgia State University, College of Health and Human Sciences 3 19 366 2009-09-01 364 Article http://icj.sagepub.com/cgi/reprint/19/3/366?rss=1 Tue, 01 Sep 2009 02:10:11 PDT info:doi/10.1177/0734016808328772 Georgia State University, College of Health and Human Sciences 3 19 368 2009-09-01 366 Article http://icj.sagepub.com/cgi/reprint/19/3/368?rss=1 Tue, 01 Sep 2009 02:10:11 PDT info:doi/10.1177/0734016809334949 Georgia State University, College of Health and Human Sciences 3 19 369 2009-09-01 368 Article http://icj.sagepub.com/cgi/reprint/19/3/369?rss=1 Tue, 01 Sep 2009 02:10:11 PDT info:doi/10.1177/1057567709335887 Georgia State University, College of Health and Human Sciences 3 19 371 2009-09-01 369 Article http://icj.sagepub.com/cgi/reprint/19/3/371?rss=1 Tue, 01 Sep 2009 02:10:11 PDT info:doi/10.1177/1057567709335889 Georgia State University, College of Health and Human Sciences 3 19 373 2009-09-01 371 Article http://icj.sagepub.com/cgi/reprint/19/3/373?rss=1 Tue, 01 Sep 2009 02:10:11 PDT info:doi/10.1177/0734016809331662 Georgia State University, College of Health and Human Sciences 3 19 374 2009-09-01 373 Article http://icj.sagepub.com/cgi/reprint/19/3/375?rss=1 Tue, 01 Sep 2009 02:10:11 PDT info:doi/10.1177/1057567709346148 Georgia State University, College of Health and Human Sciences 3 19 376 2009-09-01 375 Article http://icj.sagepub.com/cgi/reprint/19/2/101?rss=1 Fri, 15 May 2009 04:12:02 PDT info:doi/10.1177/1057567709334217 Georgia State University, College of Health and Human Sciences 2 19 114 2009-06-01 101 Article http://icj.sagepub.com/cgi/content/abstract/19/2/115?rss=1 This article explores the utility of genocide as a vehicle for the prosecution of individual persons and legal action against a state. It is suggested in the article that for prosecution of individual persons, other categories of offenses may be more effective, hence that genocide may be superfluous. It is suggested that, even though the Genocide Convention (1948) aimed primarily at defining an offense for which individuals would be prosecuted, genocide is an act for which states as well are legally responsible. Legal action against states in the International Court of Justice may be a more useful application of genocide, particularly because such action may aid in stopping atrocities as they are occurring whereas, criminal prosecutions typically are brought only after the fact. Several technical impediments, however, restrict the Court's capacity to deal with genocide, and they, it will be suggested, limit the Court's effectiveness in this regard.

]]> Fri, 15 May 2009 04:12:02 PDT info:doi/10.1177/1057567709335396 Georgia State University, College of Health and Human Sciences 2 19 131 2009-06-01 115 Article http://icj.sagepub.com/cgi/content/abstract/19/2/132?rss=1 The year 2008 marks the 60th anniversary of the adoption, under the auspices of the United Nations, of the Convention for the Prevention and Punishment of the Crime of Genocide, a legal instrument generally acknowledged as providing for the authoritative definition of genocide. Yet, if this Convention undoubtedly carved into positive international law a widely accepted definition of the crime, it is nonetheless remarkable that the prohibition of genocide also finds its origins in the obscure concept of peremptory norms of international law, otherwise referred to as jus cogens. The present article thus proposes to assess this apparent fragmentation of sources and ultimately attempts to evaluate the impact, value, and significance of the Genocide Convention.

]]> Fri, 15 May 2009 04:12:02 PDT info:doi/10.1177/1057567709335394 Georgia State University, College of Health and Human Sciences 2 19 149 2009-06-01 132 Article http://icj.sagepub.com/cgi/content/abstract/19/2/150?rss=1 This article explores the expectations placed on the law of genocide and the realities of what international criminal justice can provide in applying it. It traces a number of problems and identifies the law as inevitably falling short of the significant expectations placed on it. Although recognizing the political realities of the crime of genocide make this highly challenging, this article argues that definitional normative issues must be addressed. Above all the international community must achieve clarity as to what purpose it pursues using the law of genocide and must further reconsider how it does so. It is apparent that the law of genocide is applied in a variety of contexts for a number of purposes. This contribution ventures that each area should be treated individually without the expectation that a "one size fits all" solution exists. A failure to act accordingly will result in further disappointment with this highly symbolic norm and ultimately undermine international criminal law and justice as a whole.

]]> Fri, 15 May 2009 04:12:02 PDT info:doi/10.1177/1057567709335397 Georgia State University, College of Health and Human Sciences 2 19 174 2009-06-01 150 Article http://icj.sagepub.com/cgi/content/abstract/19/2/175?rss=1 This article deals with the unique problems that are associated with undertaking international criminal investigations, and it is written from the perspective of a war crimes investigator. Ten problems are identified in relation to investigating violations of international humanitarian law such as genocide, crimes against humanity, and violations of the laws and customs of war. The problems range from differences between legal systems and the unique elements of international crimes on one hand to personal security and counterintelligence operations on the other. The article provides an analysis of the problems international war crimes investigators face on a day-to-day basis and also the first inside look at the strategies that were used in the investigation that resulted in an indictment of the first sitting head-of-state in history, Slobodan Milosevic. Recommendations are made with the view to minimizing those problems and maximizing the successful investigation and prosecution of high-level perpetrators at an international venue.

]]> Fri, 15 May 2009 04:12:02 PDT info:doi/10.1177/1057567709335872 Georgia State University, College of Health and Human Sciences 2 19 191 2009-06-01 175 Article http://icj.sagepub.com/cgi/content/abstract/19/2/192?rss=1 Prior to the 1994 genocide, Rwandan law provided amnesty for persons who committed serious crimes in the service of the Hutu "Social Revolution" against the Tutsi elites. Murder and other criminal acts undertaken by Hutus who challenged Tutsi political domination were effectively forgiven by amnesty. The law was subsequently repealed during the reconstruction of Rwanda when the judicial system was restructured. This entailed the revitalization of the traditional Gacaca courts due to the enormous number of cases arising from the 1994 massacres. Simultaneously, it spurred constitutional changes to ensure the modernization of the rule of law. This article describes the amnesty law and its role in creating a culture of impunity that led to genocide. It explains how the Gacaca courts arose in the face of massive criminal caseloads and it describes the legal changes that reformed the judiciary and paved the way for constitutional guarantees of legal rights.

]]> Fri, 15 May 2009 04:12:02 PDT info:doi/10.1177/1057567709335392 Georgia State University, College of Health and Human Sciences 2 19 207 2009-06-01 192 Article http://icj.sagepub.com/cgi/content/abstract/19/2/208?rss=1 Rape is regularly committed during a period of collective violence such as war. The article discusses the Rwandan genocide during which rape was used with the deliberate intent to destroy in whole or in part the Tutsi community. Rape is not often studied in such particular contexts, so little is known about its prevalence in genocide; as a consequence, the comprehensive impact of genocidal incidents remains underaddressed. We estimate the prevalence of rape victimization (i.e., the number of women raped) during the Rwandan genocide in 1994. In doing so, we apply a methodology in which we use conservative victimization estimates, disaggregating between victims who were killed and victims who survived. We arrive at an estimated lower bound of a little more than 350,000 female rape victims, most of whom were Tutsi. We discuss the importance of arriving at reliable estimates, the methodology, and implications for future research.

]]> Fri, 15 May 2009 04:12:02 PDT info:doi/10.1177/1057567709335391 Georgia State University, College of Health and Human Sciences 2 19 224 2009-06-01 208 Article http://icj.sagepub.com/cgi/reprint/19/2/225?rss=1 Fri, 15 May 2009 04:12:02 PDT info:doi/10.1177/1057567709332526 Georgia State University, College of Health and Human Sciences 2 19 226 2009-06-01 225 Article http://icj.sagepub.com/cgi/reprint/19/2/226?rss=1 Fri, 15 May 2009 04:12:02 PDT info:doi/10.1177/1057567709332524 Georgia State University, College of Health and Human Sciences 2 19 227 2009-06-01 226 Article http://icj.sagepub.com/cgi/reprint/19/2/228?rss=1 Fri, 15 May 2009 04:12:02 PDT info:doi/10.1177/1057567709332528 Georgia State University, College of Health and Human Sciences 2 19 229 2009-06-01 228 Article http://icj.sagepub.com/cgi/reprint/19/2/229?rss=1 Fri, 15 May 2009 04:12:02 PDT info:doi/10.1177/1057567709332522 Georgia State University, College of Health and Human Sciences 2 19 231 2009-06-01 229 Article http://icj.sagepub.com/cgi/reprint/19/2/231?rss=1 Fri, 15 May 2009 04:12:02 PDT info:doi/10.1177/1057567708331343 Georgia State University, College of Health and Human Sciences 2 19 233 2009-06-01 231 Article http://icj.sagepub.com/cgi/reprint/19/2/233?rss=1 Fri, 15 May 2009 04:12:02 PDT info:doi/10.1177/1057567709332884 Georgia State University, College of Health and Human Sciences 2 19 234 2009-06-01 233 Article http://icj.sagepub.com/cgi/reprint/19/2/234?rss=1 Fri, 15 May 2009 04:12:02 PDT info:doi/10.1177/1057567709331459 Georgia State University, College of Health and Human Sciences 2 19 236 2009-06-01 234 Article http://icj.sagepub.com/cgi/reprint/19/2/236?rss=1 Fri, 15 May 2009 04:12:02 PDT info:doi/10.1177/1057567709332883 Georgia State University, College of Health and Human Sciences 2 19 237 2009-06-01 236 Article http://icj.sagepub.com/cgi/reprint/19/2/238?rss=1 Fri, 15 May 2009 04:12:02 PDT info:doi/10.1177/1057567709332525 Georgia State University, College of Health and Human Sciences 2 19 239 2009-06-01 238 Article http://icj.sagepub.com/cgi/reprint/19/2/239?rss=1 Fri, 15 May 2009 04:12:02 PDT info:doi/10.1177/1057567709332529 Georgia State University, College of Health and Human Sciences 2 19 241 2009-06-01 239 Article http://icj.sagepub.com/cgi/reprint/19/2/241?rss=1 Fri, 15 May 2009 04:12:02 PDT info:doi/10.1177/1057567709335442 Georgia State University, College of Health and Human Sciences 2 19 242 2009-06-01 241 Article http://icj.sagepub.com/cgi/reprint/19/2/242?rss=1 Fri, 15 May 2009 04:12:02 PDT info:doi/10.1177/1057567709332515 Georgia State University, College of Health and Human Sciences 2 19 244 2009-06-01 242 Article http://icj.sagepub.com/cgi/reprint/19/2/244?rss=1 Fri, 15 May 2009 04:12:02 PDT info:doi/10.1177/1057567709335443 Georgia State University, College of Health and Human Sciences 2 19 245 2009-06-01 244 Article http://icj.sagepub.com/cgi/reprint/19/2/245?rss=1 Fri, 15 May 2009 04:12:02 PDT info:doi/10.1177/1057567709332885 Georgia State University, College of Health and Human Sciences 2 19 247 2009-06-01 245 Article http://icj.sagepub.com/cgi/reprint/19/2/247?rss=1 Fri, 15 May 2009 04:12:02 PDT info:doi/10.1177/1057567709332519 Georgia State University, College of Health and Human Sciences 2 19 248 2009-06-01 247 Article http://icj.sagepub.com/cgi/reprint/19/2/249?rss=1 Fri, 15 May 2009 04:12:02 PDT info:doi/10.1177/1057567709332871 Georgia State University, College of Health and Human Sciences 2 19 250 2009-06-01 249 Article http://icj.sagepub.com/cgi/reprint/19/2/250?rss=1 Fri, 15 May 2009 04:12:02 PDT info:doi/10.1177/1057567709332517 Georgia State University, College of Health and Human Sciences 2 19 252 2009-06-01 250 Article http://icj.sagepub.com/cgi/reprint/19/2/252?rss=1 Fri, 15 May 2009 04:12:02 PDT info:doi/10.1177/1057567709332520 Georgia State University, College of Health and Human Sciences 2 19 253 2009-06-01 252 Article http://icj.sagepub.com/cgi/reprint/19/2/254?rss=1 Fri, 15 May 2009 04:12:02 PDT info:doi/10.1177/1057567709332530 Georgia State University, College of Health and Human Sciences 2 19 255 2009-06-01 254 Article http://icj.sagepub.com/cgi/reprint/19/2/255?rss=1 Fri, 15 May 2009 04:12:02 PDT info:doi/10.1177/1057567709332521 Georgia State University, College of Health and Human Sciences 2 19 256 2009-06-01 255 Article http://icj.sagepub.com/cgi/reprint/19/2/257?rss=1 Fri, 15 May 2009 04:12:02 PDT info:doi/10.1177/1057567708325710 Georgia State University, College of Health and Human Sciences 2 19 258 2009-06-01 257 Article http://icj.sagepub.com/cgi/content/abstract/19/1/5?rss=1 For thousands of years, traditional China relied on a morality-based system of informal, socially enforced control. After its 1978 economic reforms, China embraced a more Western model of social control, based on laws and enforced by official governmental controlling organizations. However, few studies have examined correlates of formal and informal social control in a quantitative manner. This study analyzed data from 109 purposively selected residents in Hubei province and found that increased mobility was related to a belief that formal control was more effective. Collectivism was inversely related to the attitude that formal sanctions are a powerful deterrent to crime. Finally, satisfaction with police was positively related both to the belief in the deterrent value of formal sanctions and of informal sanctions.

]]> Fri, 13 Feb 2009 14:26:09 PST info:doi/10.1177/1057567708331001 Georgia State University, College of Health and Human Sciences 1 19 24 2009-03-01 5 Article http://icj.sagepub.com/cgi/content/abstract/19/1/25?rss=1 Special Action Forces of the Philippine National Police stormed an attempted jailbreak in a maximum security detention center in Bicutan, Taguig City, Philippines, on March 15, 2005. This article reviews the results of separate investigations conducted by the Commission on Human Rights and the Philippine Alliance of Human Rights Advocates, news coverage, and the official statements of government officials involved. Three possible justifications emerge to explain the death of 23 detainees and a member of the national police: (1) incompetence of prison and police personnel; (2) a breakdown of administrative control over the police assault team; and (3) a premeditated and concerted effort to eliminate identified enemies of the state. The article concludes that the third option is the most credible, which is bolstered by the government's meager response to explain the massacre, and by failing to adopt measures proposed by the Philippine Commission on Human Rights.

]]> Fri, 13 Feb 2009 14:26:09 PST info:doi/10.1177/1057567708330891 Georgia State University, College of Health and Human Sciences 1 19 45 2009-03-01 25 Article http://icj.sagepub.com/cgi/content/abstract/19/1/46?rss=1 Many countries' prisons are closed-institutions with citizens unlikely to directly observe official misbehavior. To promote transparency and official accountability, prisons should be monitored by independent and impartial oversight mechanisms like prison inspectorates. But inspectorate staff confront numerous obstacles, one being their co-optation or "capture" by the same prison officials under observation. This study collected survey data from staff at the South African Judicial Inspectorate of Prisons (JIOP). The data indicated that the extent to which staff were captured was not explained by gender, age, education, length of JIOP employment, or whether staff thought the public should know about prison conditions. To varying degrees, capture's severity was explained by whether JIOP staff wanted to someday work as prison officials, whether or not they were lay prison visitors, and staff reports of powerless with and hostility from prison officials. The paper closes with recommendations for the JIOP and other oversight scholars.

]]> Fri, 13 Feb 2009 14:26:09 PST info:doi/10.1177/1057567708327637 Georgia State University, College of Health and Human Sciences 1 19 63 2009-03-01 46 Article http://icj.sagepub.com/cgi/reprint/19/1/64?rss=1 Fri, 13 Feb 2009 14:26:09 PST info:doi/10.1177/1057567708328803 Georgia State University, College of Health and Human Sciences 1 19 65 2009-03-01 64 Article http://icj.sagepub.com/cgi/reprint/19/1/65?rss=1 Fri, 13 Feb 2009 14:26:09 PST info:doi/10.1177/1057567708329521 Georgia State University, College of Health and Human Sciences 1 19 66 2009-03-01 65 Article http://icj.sagepub.com/cgi/reprint/19/1/67?rss=1 Fri, 13 Feb 2009 14:26:09 PST info:doi/10.1177/1057567708326551 Georgia State University, College of Health and Human Sciences 1 19 68 2009-03-01 67 Article http://icj.sagepub.com/cgi/reprint/19/1/68?rss=1 Fri, 13 Feb 2009 14:26:09 PST info:doi/10.1177/1057567708325718 Georgia State University, College of Health and Human Sciences 1 19 70 2009-03-01 68 Article http://icj.sagepub.com/cgi/reprint/19/1/70?rss=1 Fri, 13 Feb 2009 14:26:09 PST info:doi/10.1177/1057567708331340 Georgia State University, College of Health and Human Sciences 1 19 71 2009-03-01 70 Article http://icj.sagepub.com/cgi/reprint/19/1/71?rss=1 Fri, 13 Feb 2009 14:26:09 PST info:doi/10.1177/1057567708329370 Georgia State University, College of Health and Human Sciences 1 19 73 2009-03-01 71 Article http://icj.sagepub.com/cgi/reprint/19/1/73?rss=1 Fri, 13 Feb 2009 14:26:09 PST info:doi/10.1177/1057567708331338 Georgia State University, College of Health and Human Sciences 1 19 74 2009-03-01 73 Article http://icj.sagepub.com/cgi/reprint/19/1/75?rss=1 Fri, 13 Feb 2009 14:26:09 PST info:doi/10.1177/1057567708329371 Georgia State University, College of Health and Human Sciences 1 19 76 2009-03-01 75 Article http://icj.sagepub.com/cgi/reprint/19/1/76?rss=1 Fri, 13 Feb 2009 14:26:09 PST info:doi/10.1177/1057567708326599 Georgia State University, College of Health and Human Sciences 1 19 77 2009-03-01 76 Article http://icj.sagepub.com/cgi/reprint/19/1/77?rss=1 Fri, 13 Feb 2009 14:26:09 PST info:doi/10.1177/1057567708326226 Georgia State University, College of Health and Human Sciences 1 19 79 2009-03-01 77 Article http://icj.sagepub.com/cgi/reprint/19/1/79?rss=1 Fri, 13 Feb 2009 14:26:09 PST info:doi/10.1177/1057567708328807 Georgia State University, College of Health and Human Sciences 1 19 81 2009-03-01 79 Article http://icj.sagepub.com/cgi/reprint/19/1/81?rss=1 Fri, 13 Feb 2009 14:26:09 PST info:doi/10.1177/1057567708331341 Georgia State University, College of Health and Human Sciences 1 19 82 2009-03-01 81 Article http://icj.sagepub.com/cgi/reprint/19/1/82?rss=1 Fri, 13 Feb 2009 14:26:09 PST info:doi/10.1177/1057567708326101 Georgia State University, College of Health and Human Sciences 1 19 84 2009-03-01 82 Article http://icj.sagepub.com/cgi/reprint/19/1/84?rss=1 Fri, 13 Feb 2009 14:26:09 PST info:doi/10.1177/1057567708326232 Georgia State University, College of Health and Human Sciences 1 19 85 2009-03-01 84 Article http://icj.sagepub.com/cgi/reprint/19/1/85?rss=1 Fri, 13 Feb 2009 14:26:09 PST info:doi/10.1177/1057567708325711 Georgia State University, College of Health and Human Sciences 1 19 87 2009-03-01 85 Article http://icj.sagepub.com/cgi/reprint/19/1/87?rss=1 Fri, 13 Feb 2009 14:26:09 PST info:doi/10.1177/1057567708326376 Georgia State University, College of Health and Human Sciences 1 19 89 2009-03-01 87 Article http://icj.sagepub.com/cgi/reprint/19/1/89?rss=1 Fri, 13 Feb 2009 14:26:09 PST info:doi/10.1177/1057567708331339 Georgia State University, College of Health and Human Sciences 1 19 90 2009-03-01 89 Article http://icj.sagepub.com/cgi/reprint/19/1/90?rss=1 Fri, 13 Feb 2009 14:26:09 PST info:doi/10.1177/1057567708329513 Georgia State University, College of Health and Human Sciences 1 19 92 2009-03-01 90 Article http://icj.sagepub.com/cgi/reprint/19/1/92?rss=1 Fri, 13 Feb 2009 14:26:09 PST info:doi/10.1177/1057567708326485 Georgia State University, College of Health and Human Sciences 1 19 93 2009-03-01 92 Article http://icj.sagepub.com/cgi/reprint/19/1/94?rss=1 Fri, 13 Feb 2009 14:26:09 PST info:doi/10.1177/1057567708329520 Georgia State University, College of Health and Human Sciences 1 19 95 2009-03-01 94 Article http://icj.sagepub.com/cgi/reprint/19/1/96?rss=1 Fri, 13 Feb 2009 14:26:09 PST info:doi/10.1177/1057567708328691 Georgia State University, College of Health and Human Sciences 1 19 96 2009-03-01 96 Article